Is Hudson Bay part of the Arctic or the Atlantic Ocean? Exchange of freshwater between Hudson Bay regions results from Ekman transport and the mean flow. Lake calibration improves the simulated variance of discharge, as reflected in improved KGE scores. So I was curious to hear from people familiar with the topic. The fresher surface waters remain on top of more saline and deeper waters Estimated river runoff residence time for the HBC can be as long as 32 years. A split calibration period is used to span both the early (relatively drier and cooler) and late (relatively wetter and warmer) periods; calibration years were 19711975, 19811985, 19911995 and 20012005, with skipped years used for validation (Section 3.2.3). Spatially, calibration improves model performance across the whole HBDB. But otherwise Michael is right - apart from the IHO answer that you quoted, I suspect you won't get a clear answer, because whether it's useful to consider it one way or the other will depend on one's purpose at the time. Abstrat--The freshwater and heat budgets of James Bay and Hudson Bay showed that for a yearly cycle the annual ice cover and runoff are major and equal components of the freshwater budgets. Can YouTube (e.g.) Calibration steps and H-HYPE parameters. Is the water budget argument a good one? Final model performance for KGE error across all hydrometric gauges associated with each model calibration step. This river runoff to the coastal Hudson Bay freshens surface waters, which can range from salinities of 25 to 29. Thank you for the reference, it helped me find. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson Strait (northeast) and with the Arctic Ocean via the Foxe Channel (north). Does sound travel faster through space or room temperature? as salty as The Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. There are significant regions of the HBDB that remain ungauged, such as Foxe Basin (furthest north), which remain problematic and of concern. river systems in Hudson Bay (Canada), a sub-Arctic inland sea that receives up to 800 km3 year-1 of freshwater from 23 major rivers (McClelland et al., 2012). Each runoff threshold has a multiplier, i, that is applied to the published NCA in subsequent simulations: where NCAnew is the updated NCA and NCApub is the published PFRA NCA. A future application of this method may consider self-organizing maps in place of flow signatures (e.g., Ley et al., 2011). Why is Light Year used instead of kilometers? Based on KGE performance, we determine the H-HYPE model to be satisfactorily fit-for-purpose for estimating the freshwater discharge to Hudson Bay for the BaySys project. The HBDB (Figure 1) makes up the landmass between three North American continental divides: the Laurentian to the south, Arctic to the north and Pacific to the west. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.439.f7. Although direct evidence of the Hudson Bay Ice Saddle collapse is still elusive, a prominent freshwater signal along the proposed drainage route was previously attributed to the LAO drainage event. (2016). A-HYPE (Andersson et al., 2015; Gelfan et al., 2016) is a regional implementation of the HYPE hydrological model (Lindstrm et al., 2010), developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). Sir Hudson was followed by Sit Thomas Button in 1612, Robert Bylot, Luke Fox, and Thomas James in 1631. Eight flow signatures were calculated using daily observed discharge based on the method from Pechlivanidis and Arheimer (2015; Figure S5; Table S4) and were applied to select distinct groupings of gauges for calibration (Section 4.4, Table 2). Which sphere is not directly studied in one of the main branches of Earth space science geology astronomy meteorology or oceanography A biosphere B exosphere C atmosphere D hydrosphere? Hudson Bay System Study (BaySys) - University of Manitoba For larger subbasins containing more than one gridded forcing, an area weighted average, or Thiessen polygon-type methodology is used. Lake parameters were recalculated for the alternate lake clusters (i.e., parameters from calibration steps 1 and 2 (Table 1) are retained, but step 3a is repeated separately). NCA processes and parameterization were introduced into the H-HYPE model, and the model recalibrated (Figure S4). Spatial plots indicate lower Dv values in northern rivers, in Qubec, and parts of the southern prairies. Water between the blue and green lines flows to Hudson Bay. The answer, technically, is both. Hudson Bay Suppressing infiltration under frozen conditions influences runoff timing but can have mixed results on model skill, suggesting that, although frozen soils effectively restrict infiltration at small scales, their parameterization is not always appropriate at larger scales due to the heterogeneous nature of soil properties and flow through macropores (Pitman et al., 1999; Slater et al., 1998). Autumn starts cool, with frequent fogs, clearing later; early winter is very cold, clear, and calm, but this pattern is interrupted, after December, by strong winds and snowstorms. (2001), S0 is the soil surface saturation (assumed equal to 1.00 during infiltration), SI = I/0 is the premelt pore saturation of the upper soil layer with I being the volumetric soil moisture at the start of infiltration and 0 being the porosity, TI is the pre-melt temperature of the upper soil layer (K), and t0 is the infiltration opportunity time (hours). Major rivers, lakes, reservoirs and non-contributing area (PFRA, 1983) of the Hudson Bay Drainage Basin. The HBDB spans several climatic zones. Some of these rivers include Churchill, Eastmain, Grande, Nelson, Severn, and Winisk. Flow is highest in July. It is best to avoid a large number of lake clusters to limit equifinality during calibration (Beven, 2001). Outflow from regulated reservoirs is predicted using a parameterized specified desired discharge (qprod), which is satisfied if there is sufficient volume in the reservoir. The temperature during July averages only 8 C. Over the same period this basin has undergone significant climate change impacting the distribution and variability in hydrology of the basin (MacDonald et al. The lake clustering technique, based on physiographic characteristics, allows the transfer of calibrated rating curve parameters to ungauged regions. What are the basic elements of satellite communication systems? The Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (Lehner et al., 2011) shows that the HBDB has amongst the greatest concentrations of lakes in the world, with approximately 10% of the HBDB surface area covered by lakes. ", Snow Dome has the better claim. Currents in the bay also respond to the fierce tidal flow off the Labrador coast. Since prairie streamflow generation depends largely on the interconnectivity of potholes and their connections to river networks, which is also often regulated or controlled through diversions and culverts, streamflow volumes can vary widely from year-to-year (Stichling and Blackwell, 1957). This is particularly true, and most prevalent (i.e., region with lowest NSE scores) across the Prairie region of the Western Hudson Bay where hydrographs are characteristically flashy. Unlimited gravity flow predominates and all water infiltrates. The initial parameter set was that calibrated by SMHI for the entire pan-Arctic (Gelfan et al., 2017). For conservation purposes, the Canadian government has designated the whole Hudson Bay Basin a mare clausum (closed sea). Figure 10 presents the final KGE error across the HBDB domain, used as a final assessment of model performance for the long-term predictive capability to estimate mean and variance in freshwater discharge to Hudson Bay. When the moon from the mighty boosh says that he licked the suns back when it passed by him in orbit once was he for real? Selection of the optimal number of lake clusters was made by finding the number of clusters which returned the smallest number of negative silhouette scores and the largest average silhouette width by ranking these data and taking the highest combined rank (Table S3), with distributions of characteristics for the optimal selection shown in Figure 6. A lot of that water comes from the Arctic Ocean (and here is where the definition of 'ocean' becomes itself kind of fraught). Calibration is performed using daily hydrometric data from the Water Survey of Canada and US Geological Survey. Improvement in model error statistics by adding NCA parameterizations to the A-HYPE model: (a) Dv, (b) KGE, (c) NSE. IIRC that might be the Mississippi-Missouri river, but popular opinion is that the Missouri is a different river, putting the "source" in Minnesota rather than Montana. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. More recently, the storage and dynamic interactions between adjacent pothole wetlands have been successfully simulated at small scales using high resolution topographic data (Shook and Pomeroy, 2011; Shook et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2013). This approach is generalizable and can be applied in other, regional or continental scale ungauged basins with numerous lakes (e.g., Viglione et al., 2013). Help identifying small low-flying aircraft over western US? Calibration steps 13a (Table 1) were repeated; model performance results are compared in section 4.5. Research was conducted as part of the BaySys collaborative research and development NSERC grant (D. Barber), which was jointly supported by Manitoba Hydro (cash contribution) and the following agencies: ArcticNet, Ouranos, Hydro Quebec, and various Canadian Universities (in-kind). Models need improvement to describe these processes realistically. Hudson Bay watershed - Canada.ca Freshwater Flow Through Hudson Strait - Woods Hole Oceanographic ^ Multipliers for Lake Discharge correspond to the number of lake types requiring a unique parameter calibration (Section 4.2). The HBDB is an extremely large and hydrologically diverse (and complex) region, and yet we are able to achieve this standard for more than half the subbasins in the H-HYPE domain. Discover the Fish Species of Hudson Bay, Canada: What You Need to Know The transit time of the river waters is estimated to be 3.0 years. See, This site uses cookies. The basin spans 26 latitude, 54 longitude, and rises from sea level to over 3200 m on the eastern slopes of the western Rocky Mountain Ranges. When a meteor hits the Earth it may form this? Calibration steps are outlined in Table 1 and the process flow visually presented on Figure 2 (additional process diagrams are provided in Supplemental material for each operation: sensitivity analysis, guided calibration, and process improvement; Figures S2 to S4, respectively). Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) hatching in the Hudson Bay system Hudson Bay, [a] sometimes called Hudson's Bay (usually historically), is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000 km 2 (470,000 sq mi). A subset of unregulated gauges (10 in total) without large headwater lakes were used in aspects of model calibration further described in Section 4 (Table S2). Map of the Hudson Bay drainage basin including the - ResearchGate Hudson Bay has much ice of local origin, and there is some influx of pack ice from Foxe Basin. All simulation output used in this research is available on Compute Canada, and made available through the BaySys data repository (open access). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.439.f3. Option 3 employs the freezing point depression equation (e.g., Fuchs et al., 1978; Flerchinger and Saxon, 1989). We made three landscape scale storage-based improvements to the original A-HYPE model to facilitate improved separation of natural from human-driven changes to the water cycle, including the 1) representation of prairie pothole NCAs, 2) parameterization of lakes and regulated storage-discharge relationships, and 3) representation of frozen soils in the model structure. Out of these 130 bird species, 100 of them find breeding zones on the shore. Discharge from regulated rivers accounts for up to 53% of freshwater discharge into Hudson Bay (Dry et al., 2018). An appropriate number of area-weighted stations from each flow signature cluster are selected for calibration (Figure S1). The HBDB is set up within A-HYPE as 6,668 subbasins having mean (median) area of 597.8 km2 (351.0 km2), ranging from 2.0 km2 in size, to a maximum of 24,431 km2. From this article, it seems like the vast majority of flow out of Hudson Bay is to the Atlantic. The relationship relates infiltration to total soil saturation and temperature at the beginning of snowmelt, the soil surface saturation during melt and the infiltration opportunity time estimated following Zhao and Gray (1997). What mathematical topics are important for succeeding in an undergrad PDE course? The parametric equation is used for the limited infiltration case: where INF is the potential infiltration capacity (mm), C is an empirical constant with value taken from Gray et al. Taking into account the fresh water that comes from the thawing of the ice cover on James Bay/Hudson Bay the ratio is 4:5. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. As it is principally a volume-based correction without representing the dynamic fill and spill runoff generation process, it is recognized that a more refined understanding of large-scale prairie runoff generation mechanisms will further improve hydrological simulations in this region. Which planet has yellow and orange colour bands? HBDB terrestrial discharge influences Arctic Ocean circulation, sea ice dynamics, biological and biogeochemical processes within the HBC. Validation years were 19761980, 19861990, 19962000 and 20062013. The importance of the HBDB necessitates a comprehensive hydrological monitoring and prediction framework. Water temperatures can be as low as 29 F (2 C) at depth in August, although surface temperatures may reach 49 F (9 C) in September. Even more uncommon are parameterizations of storage-discharge relationships in small, internal and regulated lakes (i.e., model subgrid). Today I came upon this map, and was surprised to see that the triple point was actually further south, close to the USA/Canada border: I looked it up and found about Triple Divide Peak. The discovery of the Hudson Bay served as fruitful for the Hudson Bay Company (HBC) by helping them to advance their fur trade business as well as providing an opportunity for different other traders to reach most of the inland destinations in Canada. Mark Gervais provided shapefiles for Figure 1. NSE scores are lowest (<0) in the lake-heavy Churchill River Basin where a high fraction of ilake cluster 3 exists. From the Arctic char to the lake sturgeon, the Hudson Bay is teeming with marine life.
